Resultados motores en cirugía fotoablativa en pacientes miopes / Motor Outcomes of Photoablative Surgery in Myopic Patients

Objetivo: Determinar los resultados motores post cirugía refractiva corneal con láser de excímero en pacientes miopes con o sin astigmatismo asociado. Método: Se realizó un estudio preexperimental del tipo antes y después, en el que fueron incluidos 81 pacientes (162 ojos) tratados con LASEK-MMC (65 pacientes) o PRK-MMC (16 pacientes) seguidos por tres meses. Se les realizó un examen oftalmológico completo y se evaluaron las siguientes variables: punto próximo de convergencia, la amplitud de convergencia, divergencia y el alineamiento ocular precirugía y poscirugía. Resultados: Con la cirugía se observó un incremento significativo del punto próximo de convergencia (LASEK-MMC: p = 0,000 y PRK-MMC: p = 0,021). La amplitud de convergencia de cerca y de lejos, así como la amplitud de divergencia tendieron a disminuir, pero la diferencia no fue significativa (p > 0,05). Aumentó el porcentaje de pacientes con exodesviaciones de cerca, después de la cirugía LASEK-MMC (26,2 por ciento → 60,0 por ciento, p = 0,000) y de la PRK-MMC (18,8 por ciento → 81,3 por ciento, p = 0,000), y predominaron las heteroforias pequeñas en ambos casos (LASEK-MMC: 52,3 por ciento y PRK-MMC: 75,0 por ciento). Conclusiones: Con la cirugía fotoablativa con láser, aumentaron las exodesviaciones en el posoperatorio, pero se trató fundamentalmente de heteroforias pequeñas, aunque un número reducido de pacientes desarrolló nuevas exodesviaciones(AU)

Objective: To determine the eye movement outcomes after excimer laser corneal refractive surgery in myopic patients with or without associated astigmatism. Methods: A preexperimental, before-and-after study was carried out with 81 patients (162 eyes) treated with laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) (65 patients) or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) (16), with intraoperative application of mitomycin-C (MMC) in both cases, and followed for three months. A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed and the following variables were evaluated before and after the surgery: near convergence point, convergence amplitude, divergence and ocular alignment. Results: With surgery, a significant increase in the near point of convergence was observed (LASEK-MMC: P=0.000; PRK-MMC: P=0.021). The near and far convergence amplitude tended to decrease, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The percentage of patients with near exodeviations increased after LASEK-MMC (26.2 percent → 60.0 percent, P=0.000) and PRK-MMC (18.8 percent → 81.3 percent, P=0.000), while small heterophorias predominated in both cases (LASEK-MMC: 52.3 percent and PRK-MMC: 75.0 percent). Conclusions: With laser photoablative surgery, exodeviations increased after surgery, but these were primarily small heterophorias, although a small number of patients developed new exodeviations(AU)

Calidad visual en la cirugía bilateral del cristalino por facoemulsificación / Visual quality in bilateral crystalline lens surgery by phacoemulsification

Objetivo: Analizar la recuperación y la calidad visual posoperatoria en la cirugía bilateral del cristalino por facoemulsificación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y analítico de serie de casos en 40 pacientes con el diagnóstico de catarata bilateral, operados por cirugía bilateral simultánea del cristalino, atendidos en el Centro de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", durante el periodo comprendido desde noviembre del año 2018 hasta marzo de 2020. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, dureza nuclear según LOCS III, mejor agudeza visual con y sin corrección, astigmatismo medio inducido, visión de colores, sensibilidad al contraste, velocidad de lectura y estudio de la calidad de vida por la encuesta FV-14. Se emplearon los porcentajes y los números absolutos para resumir las variables cualitativas. En el caso de las cuantitativas se usó la media con su desviación estándar y el intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Fue más frecuente el sexo femenino en el 65 por ciento; la edad media fue de 69,1 ± 8,1 años. El 55,11 por ciento de los pacientes tuvo dureza NO3. La media de la mejor agudeza visual sin corrección mejoró a 0,89 ± 0,25; la mejor agudeza visual con corrección mejoró a 0,96 ± 0,03; el resto de las variables estudiadas mostró mejoría significativa. Conclusiones: La cirugía bilateral simultánea del cristalino personalizada contribuye de manera significativa a la mejoría de la visión en cantidad y calidad, lo que permite recuperar la calidad de vida de los pacientes(AU)

Objective: Analyze postoperative recovery and visual quality in bilateral crystalline lens surgery by phacoemulsification. Methods: An analytical prospective study was conducted of a case series of 40 bilateral cataract patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral crystalline lens surgery at the Center for Ocular Microsurgery of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from November 2018 to March 2020. The variables analyzed were age, sex, nuclear hardness by LOCS III, best visual acuity with and without correction, induced medial astigmatism, color vision, contrast sensitivity, reading speed and quality of life by the VF-14 survey. Percentages and absolute numbers were used to summarize qualitative variables, whereas mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables, with a 95 percent confidence interval. Results: Female sex prevailed with 65 percent; mean age was 69.1 ± 8.1 years. Hardness was NO3 in 55.11 percent of the patients examined. Mean best visual acuity without correction improved to 0.89 ± 0.25; best corrected visual acuity improved to 0.96 ± 0.03; the remaining variables studied showed significant improvement. Conclusion: Simultaneous personalized bilateral crystalline lens surgery significantly contributes to visual improvement both quantitatively and qualitatively, making it possible for patients to recover their quality of life(AU)

Resultados refractivos del implante secundario de lente en la cámara anterior con apoyo angular y de lente suturado a iris / Refractive results of anterior chamber angle-supported and iris-suture-fixated secondary lens implantation

Objetivo: Comparar los resultados refractivos del implante secundario de lentes intraoculares rígidos de la cámara anterior con apoyo angular y de lentes intraoculares plegables de la cámara posterior suturados a iris. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio casi experimental con control no equivalente (cohorte histórica). Se estudiaron 50 pacientes (50 ojos) con afaquia e inadecuado soporte capsular después de la cirugía de catarata, a quienes se les realizó implante secundario de lente intraocular con dos técnicas diferentes: lente intraocular en la cámara anterior con apoyo angular (25 ojos) y lente intraocular plegable de la cámara posterior suturado a iris (25 ojos). Resultados: Se observó que en el grupo de pacientes tratados con lente intraocular suturado a iris el porcentaje de pacientes con una visión de 20/40 o más fue significativamente superior (96,0 por ciento vs. 60,0 por ciento, p= 0,000) en los resultados refractivos obtenidos según el grupo de tratamiento. En el grupo A predominaron los pacientes que quedaron emétropes, seguidos de los pacientes miopes. En el grupo B predominaron los pacientes miopes y a diferencia del grupo anterior ningún paciente quedó hipermétrope. Conclusiones: La lente intraocular plegable de la cámara posterior suturada a iris mostró ser más eficaz, indujo menos astigmatismo y fue mejor en la predictibilidad de la esfera en un rango estricto de ± 1,00 dioptrías(AU)

Objective: Compare the refractive results of secondary implantation of rigid angle-supported intraocular lenses in the anterior chamber and foldable iris-suture-fixated intraocular lenses in the posterior chamber. Methods: A quasi-experimental non-equivalent control (historical cohort) study was conducted of 50 patients (50 eyes) with aphakia and inadequate capsular support after cataract surgery, who underwent secondary intraocular lens implantation with two different techniques: angle-supported intraocular lens in the anterior chamber (25 eyes) and foldable iris-suture-fixated intraocular lens in the posterior chamber (25 eyes). Results: In the group treated with iris-suture-fixated intraocular lens implantation the percentage of patients with 20/40 vision or more was significantly higher (96.0 percent vs. 60.0 percent, p= 0.000) in the refractive results obtained for each treatment group. In Group A a predominance was found of emmetropic, followed by myopic patients. In Group B myopic patients prevailed and unlike the other group no patient was hyperopic. Conclusions: Foldable iris-suture-fixated posterior chamber intraocular lenses proved more effective, induced less astigmatism and displayed better sphere predictability in a strict range of ± 1.00 diopters(AU)

Influence of upper blepharoplasty on intraocular lens calculation / A influência da blefaroplastia superior no cálculo da lente intraocular

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the effect of upper blepharoplasty on corneal topography and intraocular lens power calculation using Galilei and IOLMaster. Methods: Thirty patients submitted to upper blepharoplasty from May 2014 to March 2017 at the Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba (São Paulo, Brazil) were included in this observational case series. All patients underwent imaging sessions with Galilei and IOLMaster preoperatively (baseline) and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Primary outcome measures using both devices included flattest, average, and steepest corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism, and blepharoplasty-induced corneal astigmatism. Determination of axial length and lens power calculation were performed using only IOLMaster (Holladay formula). Paired t-test and vectorial analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Sixty eyes from 30 patients were prospectively included. Vectorial analysis showed that 6 months after surgery, blepharoplasty induced on average 0.39 D and 0.31 D of corneal astigmatism, as measured with Galilei and IOLMaster, respectively. IOLMaster measurements showed that average corneal curvature (44.56 vs 44.64 D, p=0.01), steepest corneal curvature (45.17 vs 45.31, p=0.01) and corneal astigmatism (1.22 vs 1.34, p=0.03) were higher 6 months after surgery. IOLMaster measurements also showed that intraocular lens power was significantly smaller 6 months after surgery (22.07 vs 21.93, p=0.004). All other parameters showed no change for comparisons between baseline and 6 months (p>0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion: Upper eyelid blepharoplasty influenced intraocular lens calculation using the IOLMaster. However, the influence was not clinically significant. No topographic changes were found using Galilei.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o efeito da blefaroplastia superior na topografia corneana e no cálculo do poder das lentes intraoculares usando Galilei e IOLMaster. Métodos: Trinta pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia superior de maio de 2014 a março de 2017 no Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil foram incluídos neste estudo de série de casos observacional. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a sessões de imagem com Galilei e IOLMaster antes da cirurgia (exame de base) e no 1º e 6º mês pós-operatório. Os resultados primários utilizando os dois aparelhos incluíram ceratometria, astigmatismo corenano e astigmatismo corneano induzido pela blefaroplastia. O comprimento axial e o cálculo do poder da lente intraocular foram realizados unicamente com o IOLMaster (fórmula de Holladay). Teste-t pareado e análise vetorial foram usados na análise estatística. Resultados: Sessenta olhos de 30 pacientes foram incluídos prospectivamente. A análise vec­torial mostrou que após 6 meses da cirurgia, a blefaroplastia superior induziu na média 0,39 D de astigmatismo corneano medido com o Galilei e 0,31 D com IOLMaster. As medidas com o IOLMaster mostraram que a ceratometria média (44,56 vs 44,64 D, p=0,01), ceratometria máxima (45,17 vs 45,31, p=0,01) e o astigmatismo corneano (1,22 vs 1,34, p=0,03) foram maiores após 6 meses da blefaroplastia. As medidas com IOLMaster mostraram que o poder da lente intraocular foi significativamente menor 6 meses após a blefaroplastia (22,07 vs 21,93, p=0,004). Todos os outros parâmetros não mostraram mudanças entre o pré-operatório e o 6º mês da cirurgia (p>0,05 para todas as comparações). Conclusões: A blefaroplastia superior influenciou o cálculo da lente intrao­cular utilizando o IOLMaster. Contudo, a influência não foi cli­­nicamente significativa. Não foram encontradas mudanças topográficas com o Galilei.

Influência da espessura dos segmentos de anel corneano na correção do astigmatismo ceratométrico em pacientes com ceratocone / Influence of corneal ring segment thickness on correction of corneal astigmatism in patients with keratoconus

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar retrospectivamente a influência da espessura do anel intracorneano na redução do astigmatismo corneano em pacientes portadores de ceratocone. Métodos: De um banco de dados com 2.033 olhos submetidos à cirurgia de implante de anel corneano, foi selecionada uma amostra de 90 olhos com características semelhantes em relação à ceratometria e ao astigmatismo. Todos os olhos deste estudo receberam dois segmentos de comprimento de arco tradicional de aproximadamente 160°, com espessuras variadas: Grupo A recebeu dois segmentos de 150µm; Grupo B recebeu dois segmentos de 200µm, e Grupo C recebeu dois segmentos de 250µm. As variáveis analisadas foram ceratometria média e astigmatismo corneano pré e pós-operatório. Resultados: Nos olhos que receberam dois segmentos de anel de 150µm de espessura (Grupo A), houve redução média de 5,0D (10%) em relação à ceratometria média e redução média de 3,26D (57,69%) em relação ao astigmatismo corneano. Na amostra em que foram utilizados dois segmentos de 200µm (Grupo B), foi observada redução da ceratometria média de 7,0D (14,28%) e do astigmatismo corneano de 3,53D (63,6%). Já na amostra que recebeu dois segmentos de anel de 250µm de espessura (Grupo C), a redução média da ceratometria foi de 10D (20,4%) e de seu astigmatismo corneano de 2,09D (38,99%). Conclusão: Nos pacientes com ceratocone submetidos à cirurgia de anel corneano, o aumento da espessura dos segmentos implantados promove maior aplanamento da córnea, mas não o aumento em sua capacidade de reduzir o astigmatismo ceratométrico. Seria interessante a análise de uma amostra maior de pacientes, aliada a cálculos vetoriais de astigmatismo, para comprovar os achados deste estudo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the influence of intracorneal ring thickness on reduction of corneal astigmatism in patients with keratoconus. Methods: From a database of 2,033 eyes submitted to corneal ring implant surgery, a sample of 90 eyes with similar keratometry and astigmatism characteristics was selected. All eyes in this study received two segments of traditional arc length of approximately 160°, with varying thicknesses: Group A received two segments of 150 µm; Group B received two segments of 200 µm, and Group C received two segments of 250 µm. The variables analyzed were mean keratometry and corneal astigmatism before and after surgery. Results: In the eyes that received two 150-µm ring segments (Group A), there was a mean reduction of 5.0 D (10%) in relation to mean keratometry, and a mean reduction of 3.26 D (57.69%) in relation to corneal astigmatism. In the sample in which two 200-µm segments (Group B) were used, there was a mean reduction in keratometry of 7.0 D (14.28%) and in corneal astigmatism of 3.53 D (63.6%). In the sample receiving two 250-µm ring segments (Group C), the mean reduction in keratometry was 10 D (20.4%) and in corneal astigmatism was 2.09 D (38.99%). Conclusion: In keratoconus patients undergoing corneal ring surgery, increased thickness of the implanted segments promotes greater flattening of the cornea, but does not enhance their ability to reduce corneal astigmatism. It would be interesting to analyze a larger sample of patients, combined with vector calculations of astigmatism, to confirm the findings of this study.

Impact of different clear corneal incision sizes on anterior corneal aberration for cataract surgery / Impacto de diferentes tamanhos de incisões em córnea clara nas aberrações da córnea anterior em cirurgia de catarata

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the impact of different sizes of steep meridian clear corneal incisions for phacoemul sification on anterior corneal higher-order aberrations. Methods: Medical records of patients who underwent 2.2-mm coaxial micro-incision cataract surgery or 2.75-mm coaxial small-incision cataract surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Only patients with preexisting anterior corneal astigmatism <2.00 diopters (D) and ≥0.50 D who underwent a steep meridian clear corneal incision were included. Primary outcomes were 3rd- to 6th-order anterior corneal higher-order aberrations with an 8-mm pupil. Anterior corneal astigmatism and effective phaco time were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Preoperative and 3-month postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Results: Anterior corneal astigmatism significantly decreased after both procedures; however, there was no significant difference found in surgically induced anterior corneal astigmatism between the two procedures (p=0.146). Although the total higher-order aberrations did not significantly change after both procedures, the group comparison showed a significant difference in surgically induced total higher-order aberrations (a decrease of 0.337 ± 1.156 mm in 2.2-mm coaxial micro-incision cataract surgery and an increase of 0.106 ± 0.521 mm in 2.75-mm coaxial small-incision cataract surgery, p=0.046). Spherical aberrations significantly decreased after 2.2-mm coaxial micro-incision cataract surgery (p=0.001), whereas they did not change significantly after 2.75-mm coaxial small-incision cataract surgery (p=0.564). Coma did not significantly change after either of the procedures. Trefoil did not significantly change after 2.2-mm coaxial micro-incision cataract surgery (p=0.361), whereas it significantly increased after 2.75-mm coaxial small-incision cataract surgery (p<0.001). There was no significant difference shown in effective phaco time between the procedures. A significantly positive correlation was shown between surgically induced anterior corneal astigmatism and coma in 2.75-mm coaxial small-incision cataract surgery (r=0.387, p=0.006). There was no significant correlation found between any surgically induced higher-order aberration changes and effective phaco time. Conclusions: The results showed that 2.2-mm coaxial micro-incision cataract surgery and 2.75-mm coaxial small-incision cataract surgery did not significantly degrade the total higher-order aberrations of the anterior cornea. However, the surgically induced changes in total higher-order aberration showed a significant difference between the two procedures, with a slight reduction after 2.2-mm coaxial micro-incision cataract surgery and a slight increase after 2.75-mm coaxial small-incision cataract surgery. Phaco time and power used during surgery had no impact on corneal aberrations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar o impacto de diferentes ta manhos de incisões em córnea clara com meridiano íngreme para facoemulsificação com aberrações de mais alta ordem da córnea anterior. Métodos: Foram retrospectivamente revisados os prontuários médicos de pacientes que se submeteram a cirurgias de catarata com microincisões coaxiais de 2,2 mm ou com incisões coaxiais pequenas de 2,75 mm. Foram apenas incluídos pacientes com astigmatismo preexistente da córnea anterior <2,00 dioptrias (D) e ³0,50 D, e submetidos a incisões em córnea clara com meridiano íngreme. Os desfechos primários foram aberrações da córnea anterior da 3ª à 6ª ordem com uma pupila de 8 mm. O astigmatismo da córnea anterior e o tempo efetivo de facoemulsificação foram avaliados como desfechos secundários. Os desfechos pré-operatório e pós-operatório aos 3 meses também foram avaliados. Resultados: O astigmatismo da córnea anterior diminuiu significativamente após ambos os procedimentos, mas não se encontrou nenhuma diferença significativa entre os dois procedimentos quanto ao astigmatismo da córnea anterior, induzido pela cirurgia (p=0,146). Embora as aberrações totais de mais alta ordem não se tenham alterado significativamente após ambos procedimentos, a comparação entre os grupos revelou uma diferença significativa nas aberrações totais de mais alta ordem, induzidas pela cirurgia (uma diminuição de 0,337 ± 1,156 mm na cirurgia de catarata por microincisão coaxial de 2,2 mm e um aumento de 0,106 ± 0,521 mm na cirurgia de catarata por incisão coaxial pequena de 2,75 mm; p=0,046). A aberração esférica diminuiu significativamente após cirurgia de catarata por microincisão coaxial de 2,2 mm (p=0,001), mas não se alterou significativamente após cirurgia de catarata por incisão coaxial pequena de 2,75 mm (p=0,564). A aberração de coma não mudou significativamente após qualquer dos procedimentos. O trifólio não se alterou significativamente após cirurgia de catarata por microincisão coaxial de 2,2 mm (p=0,361), mas aumentou significativamente após cirurgia de catarata por incisão coaxial pequena de 2,75 mm (p<0,001). Nenhuma diferença significativa se evidenciou quanto ao tempo efetivo de faco-emulsificação entre os dois procedimentos. Houve uma correlação positiva significativa entre o astigmatismo da córnea anterior, induzido pela cirurgia e a aberração de coma na cirurgia de catarata por incisão coaxial pequena de 2,75 mm (r=0,387, p=0,006). Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre as alterações nas aberrações totais de mais alta ordem, induzidas pela cirurgia e o tempo efetivo de faco-emulsificação. Conclusões: Nem a cirurgia de catarata por microincisão coaxial de 2,2 mm, nem aquela por incisão coaxial pequena de 2,75 mm degradaram significativamente as aberrações totais de mais alta ordem da córnea anterior. Porém, as alterações nas aberrações totais de mais alta ordem, induzidas pela cirurgia mostraram uma diferença significativa entre os dois procedimentos, com uma ligeira redução na cirurgia de catarata por microincisão coaxial de 2,2 mm e um pequeno aumento na cirurgia de catarata por incisão coaxial pequena de 2,75 mm. O tempo de facoemulsificação e a potência utilizada durante a cirurgia não tiveram impacto nas aberrações corneanas.

Manejo do astigmatismo residual após implante de lente intraocular / Management of residual astigmatism after intraocular lens implantation

RESUMO Relatamos um caso de astigmatismo residual, após cirurgia de catarata com implante de lente intra-ocular (LIO) tórica (Acrysof Toric, Alcon, Frot Worth TX). A refração residual (+1,25 -2,50 x 105º) e o posicionamento da LIO implantada neste olho, foram correlacionados com a aberrometria total obtida por ray tracing de pontos individuais integrada à da face anterior da córnea obtida por topografia de Plácido, para cálculo das aberrações internas (iTrace, Tracey, Technologies, Houston TX). O cálculo do eixo ideal da LIO, para minimizar a refração residual foi realizado de acordo com Berdahl & Hardten (astigmatismfix.com). A rotação da LIO foi realizada com sucesso 5 meses após a cirurgia inicial para o eixo indicado, reduzindo o erro residual para +0,25 -0,25 x 61º e promovendo reabilitação visual sem correção de 20/20.

ABSTRACT We report a case of residual astigmatism after cataract surgery with toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation (Acrysof Toric, Alcon, Frot Worth TX). Residual refraction (+1,25 -2,50 x 105º) and IOL positioning were correlated with total ray-tracing wavefront aberrometry integrated with anterior corneal surface Placido-based topography to calculate internal aberrations (iTrace, Tracey Technologies, Houston TX). The ideal IOL axis to minimize residual refraction was calculated with Berdahl & Hardten (astigmatismfix.com). IOL rotation to the indicated axis was successfully performed 5 months after initial surgery, reducing residual error to +0,25 -0,25 x 61º, promoting visual reabilitation, with final uncorrected distance visual acuity 20/20.

Effect of corneal biomechanical properties on surgically-induced astigmatism and higher-order aberrations after cataract surgery / Efeito das propriedades biomecânicas da córnea no astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente e nas aberrações de alta ordem após a cirurgia de catarata

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the relationship between biomechanical properties of the cornea and postoperative refractive changes in patients with low-level astigmatism after cataract surgery. Methods: This prospective study recruited patients undergoing cataract surgery involving 2.8-mm superior incisions. Biomechanical properties of the cornea were evaluated preoperatively using the Ocular Response Analyzer, and corneal profiles were evaluated using a Scheimpflug system (Pentacam HR). Topographic astigmatism, total corneal aberrations (TCA) and higher-order corneal aberrations (HOCA) analyses were performed preoperatively and during 1- and 3-month postoperative exams. The incidences of surgically-induced astigmatism (SIA) and HOCAs were calculated using vector analyses. Associations of the preoperative biomechanical properties of the cornea with SIA and HOCAs were evaluated. Results: This study included 28 eyes of 28 patients. The preoperative corneal hysteresis (CH) was 8.68 ± 1.86 mmHg, and the corneal resistance factor (CRF) was 8.66 ± 1.61 mmHg. At the 1-month postoperative evaluation, significant changes were observed in HOCAs (p=0.023), TCAs (p=0.05), astigmatism (p=0.02), and trefoil (p=0.033); in contrast, differences in coma (p=0.386) and spherical aberration (SA) were not significant (p=0.947). At the 3-month visit, significant changes were only observed in TCAs (p=0.02) and HOCAs (p=0.012). No relationships between the preoperative corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor and postoperative SIA and HOCA were identified, other than a positive correlation between the 3-month postoperative incidence of corneal hysteresis and spherical aberration. Conclusions: Despite the observed lack of relationships of preoperative biomechanical properties of the cornea with SIA and postoperative aberrations (except for SA), further studies involving larger patient groups are needed to explore the unexpected refractive deviations after cataract surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre as propriedades biomecânicas da córnea e as mudanças refrativas pós-operatórias em pacientes com baixa astigmatismo após a cirurgia de catarata. Método: Neste estudo prospectivo, recrutamos os pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de catarata com incisões superiores de 2,8 mm. As propriedades biomecânicas da córnea foram avaliadas no pré-operatório pelo Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA, Reichert, EUA) e o perfil corneano foi avaliado por um sistema Scheimpflug (Pentacam HR, Oculus Optikgeräte, GmbH). As avaliações do astigmatismo topográfico e das aberrações corneanas de alta ordem (HOCA) foram feitas no pré-operatório e no 1º e 3º mês pós-operatório. O astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente (SIA) e aberrações corneanas de alta ordem foram calculados pela análise vetorial. Associações das propriedades biomecânicas da córnea no pré-operatório com astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente e aberrações corneanas de alta ordem foram avaliadas. Resultados: O estudo foi realizado em 28 olhos de 28 pacientes. A histerese corneana (CH) pré-operatória foi 8,68 ± 1,86 mmHg, e o fator de resistência da córnea (CRF) foi de 8,66 ± 1,61 mmHg. No pós-operatório de 1 mês houve mudanças significativas aberrações corneanas de alta ordem (p=0,023), aberração total (p=0,05), astigmatismo (p=0,02) e trifóglio (p=0,033), mas as diferenças em coma (p=0,386) e aberração esférica (SA) foram insignificantes (p=0,947). No terceiro mês, a única mudança significativa foi em RMS total (p=0,02) e aberração total (p=0,012). Não houve relação entre histerese corneana e o fator de resistência da córnea pré-operatórios e astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente e aberrações corneanas de alta ordem pós-operatórios, além de uma correlação positiva entre o histerese corneana e o aberração esférica do 3º mês pós-operatório. Conclusões: Apesar de não haver relação entre as propriedades biomecânicas pré-operatórias da córnea e astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente e aberrações (exceto SA) após a cirurgia em nosso estudo, são necessários mais estudos com grupos de pacientes maiores de explicar os erros refrativos inesperados após a cirurgia de catarata.

Implantation of foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens in aphakic vitrectomized eyes without capsular support / Implantação lente intraocular dobrável de câmara posterior em olhos afácicos vitrectomizados sem apoio capsular

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of three different surgical techniques for foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) implantation in vitrectomized eyes without capsular support. Methods: A total of 60 patients with aphakic and vitrectomized eyes without capsular support were enrolled. All patients underwent three-piece foldable PCIOL implantation into the posterior chamber through a small corneal incision. Transscleral fixation (TSF), iris fixation (IF), and intrascleral tunnel fixation (ISF) surgical techniques were performed. Results: Postoperative PCIOL subluxation or dislocation occurred in one case in the TSF group and two cases in the ISF group. Intraoperative PCIOL dislocation occurred in two patients in the IF group. The incidence of temporary postoperative complications, such as mild intraocular hemorrhage and cystoid macular edema, was higher in the ISF group. No statistically significant difference in PCIOL-related astigmatism was observed between groups. Visual acuity improved in all groups. Conclusions: Postoperative outcomes were comparable between TSF, IF, and ISF for PCIOL in vitrectomized eyes without capsular support.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados de três diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas para implantação da lente intraocular de câmara posterior (PCIOL) dobrável em olhos vitrectomizados sem apoio capsular. Métodos: Um total de 60 olhos de 60 pacientes afácicos vitrectomizados, sem apoio capsular foram inscritos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao implante de PCIOL dobrável de três peças na câmara posterior, através de uma pequena incisão na córnea. Foram utilizados as técnicas cirúrgicas de fixação transescleral (TSF), fixação iriana (IF) e túnel de fixação intraescleral (ISF). Resultados: Subluxação ou luxação da PCIOL ocorreu em um caso no grupo TSF e em dois casos no grupo ISF. Deslocamentos intraoperatórios da PCIOL ocorram em dois pacientes no grupo IF. Frequência de complicações pós-operatórias temporárias como hemorragia intraocular leve e edema macular cistóide foi maior no grupo ISF. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa do astigmatismo relacionado à PCIOL entre os grupos. A acuidade visual melhorou em todos os grupos. Conclusões: Nenhuma das três técnicas cirúrgicas teve destaque em termos de resultados cirúrgicos comparativos.

A comparison study of corneal topographic changes following 20-, 23-, and 25-G pars plana vitrectomy / Um estudo comparativo das alterações topográficas da cornea após a vitrectomia via pars plana com 20, 23 e 25 gauge

ABSTRACTPurpose:To evaluate and compare corneal topographic changes following pars plana vitrectomy with the 23-gauge (G) and 25-G transconjuntival sutureless vitrectomy system as well as the standard 20-G vitrectomy system.Methods:We prospectively evaluated corneal topographic changes in 45 eyes of 45 patients divided into three groups according to vitrectomy system used (20-, 23-, and 25-G). All patients underwent computer-assisted videokeratography using an EyeSys System 3000 topographer preoperatively and at one week, one month, and three months postoperatively.Results:In the 20-G vitrectomy group, we found statistically significant postoperative changes in corneal curvature parameters with an average steepening of 0.98 ± 0.18 D (P<0.001) and 0.93 ± 0.21 D (P<0.001) at one week and one month, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed at the three-month follow-up visit. In the 23- and 25-G groups, no statistically significant changes in corneal curvature parameters were observed at any postoperative follow-up visit.Conclusion:Twenty-three-gauge and 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy did not induce topographic corneal changes following surgery, whereas 20-G vitrectomy was found to induce transient topographic corneal changes that had returned to preoperative levels at three months postoperatively.

RESUMOObjetivos:Avaliar e comparar as alterações topográficas da córnea após a vitrectomia via pars plana com o sistema transconjuntival sem suturas de 23 gauge (g) e 25 g e com o sistema tradicional de vitrectomia via pars plana 20 g.Método:Neste estudo prospectivo, as alterações topográficas da córnea foram avaliadas em 45 olhos de 45 pacientes, divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o sistema de vitrectomia utilizado (20, 23 e 25 g). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a topografia corneana computadorizada utilizando-se o topógrafo EyeSys System 3000 antes da cirurgia, e com 1 semana, 1 mês e 3 meses após a cirurgia.Resultados:No período pós-operatório, no grupo de vitrectomia 20 g, foram encontradas alterações estatisticamente significativas nos parâmetros da curvatura corneana estudados, com um aumento médio da curvatura de 0,98 ± 0,18 D (p<0,001) e 0,93 ± 0,21D (p<0,001) após uma semana, e um mês, respectivamente. Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa na visita realizada 3 meses após a cirurgia. Nos grupos 23 g e 25 g, não se observaram alterações estatisticamente significativas nos parâmetros da curvatura corneana em nenhum dos momentos analisados no pós-operatório.Conclusão:A vitrectomia transconjuntival sem suturas 23 g e 25 g não induziu alterações topográficas da córnea após a cirurgia, enquanto que a vitrectomia 20 g induziu alterações topográficas da córnea transitórias que retornaram aos níveis pré-operatórios três meses após a cirurgia.

Laser-assisted In Situ Keratomileusis for Correction of Astigmatism and Increasing Contact Lens Tolerance after Penetrating Keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To determine effectiveness of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the treatment of astigmatism following penetrating keratoplasty (PK). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of patients who underwent LASIK following PK and had over 1 year of follow-up data. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (26 pairs of eyes) underwent LASIK following PK. Mean age of the patients at the time of LASIK was 40.7 years (range, 26 to 72 years). Following LASIK, the mean cylinder was reduced by 2.4 diopters and mean reduction of cylinder after LASIK was 65.4% from the preoperative values at the last follow-up visit. Uncorrected visual acuity became 20 / 50 or better in 69.2% of the eyes after LASIK. Best-corrected visual acuity became 20 / 50 or better in 73.1% of the eyes after LASIK. All of them were intolerable to contact lenses before LASIK. After LASIK, 6 pairs (23.1%) did not need to use contact lenses and 18 pairs (69.2%) were tolerable to using contact lenses or spectacles. There were no significant endothelial cell density changes 12 months after LASIK (p = 0.239). CONCLUSIONS: LASIK is effective in the treatment of astigmatism following PK and increases contact lens and spectacle tolerance.

Topoplastia de Cvintal assistida por laser de femtossegundo / Femtosecond laser-assisted Cvintal topoplasty

Apresentamos um relato de astigmatismo tardio progressivo pós-transplante de córnea para ceratocone, associado à afinamento periférico na junção doador-receptor, o que presumidamente pode ser considerado como recorrência da ectasia. O caso foi tratado por meio de Topoplastia de Cvintal assistida por laser de femtossegundo para a confecção da incisão com geometria "top hat", seguido de sutura com ajuste per-operatório guiado por ceratoscopia...

We present a case of late high progressive astigmatism following penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus, which was associated with peripheral thinning in the donor-receptor area, which may be recognized as recurrence of ectasia. Treatment was accomplished with Cvintal's Topoplasty assisted by femtosecond laser for a "top hat", followed by resuture with peroperative adjustment guided by ceratoscopy...

AcrySof toric intraocular lens for post-keratoplasty astigmatism.

We report a 63-year-old male who had undergone left eye optical penetrating keratoplasty for central leucomatous corneal opacity 10 years earlier. The eye had clear donor graft with residual astigmatism of –6.50 diopter cylinder (DC) at 30°. The patient underwent clear corneal phacoemulsification with implantation of +6.0 D spherical equivalent AcrySof SN60T9 intraocular lens (IOL). Postoperatively, at 10 months, the patient had distance corrected visual acuity of 20/30 with –2.00 DC at 20°. AcrySof toric IOL offers an effective treatment option for post-keratoplasty high corneal astigmatism in patients with cataract.

Astigmatic Changes after Horizontal Rectus Muscle Surgery in Intermittent Exotropia

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes of refractive astigmatism after horizontal rectus muscle surgery in intermittent exotropic children. METHODS: Sixty-nine exotropic patients were retrospectively reviewed. Of those, 35 patients received unilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR group, 35 eyes) and 34 patients received unilateral lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection (R&R group, 34 eyes). Non-cycloplegic refractions were measured until 6 months postoperatively. Spherical equivalent (SE), J0 and J45 using power vectors were calculated to determine and compare the changes of refractive astigmatism and axis in both groups. RESULTS: SE significantly decreased after surgery for the first week and did not changed thereafter in both groups (p = 0.000 and p = 0.018, respectively). In BLR group, J0 showed significant changes at the first week and 1 month after surgery (p = 0.005 and p = 0.016, respectively), but in R&R group, J0 changed significantly between 1 week and 3 months postoperatively (p = 0.023 and p = 0.016, respectively). J45 did not change significantly as time passed in both groups (all p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the magnitude of changes in SE, J0 and J45 between the two groups after the 6-month follow-up (p = 0.500, p = 0.244 and p = 0.202, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Horizontal rectus muscle surgery in intermittent exotropic children tends to induce a statistically significant change in astigmatism in the with-the-rule direction and myopic shift in SE. This astigmatism change seems to occur within the first 3 months after surgery. Thus, astigmatism induced by surgery should be checked and corrected at least 3 months after horizontal strabismus surgery.

Transient Increase of Higher-Order Aberrations after Lateral Rectus Recession in Children

The changes of higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession were evaluated. Forty eyes of 20 children were enrolled and their wavefront information was assessed until postoperative 3 months. Even though the root mean square (RMS) of total aberration was not changed, the RMS of HOA was transiently increased at postoperative 1 week and returned to baseline level after 1 month. Among individual Zernike coefficient, secondary astigmatism, quadrafoil, secondary coma, secondary trefoil, and pentafoil showed similar tendency with the RMS of HOA. However, coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration were not changed. Regarding recession amount, it did not correlate with any Zernike coefficient. In summary, our data imply that the HOAs are transiently increased after lateral rectus recession surgery. These results are in collusion with previous reports that strabismus surgery induced transient corneal astigmatism.

Ceratectomia fotorrefrativa com mitomicina-C personalizada pela frente de onda corneana para o tratamento de hipermetropia após ceratotomia radial / Corneal wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin-C for consecutive hyperopia after radial keratotomy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia, previsibilidade e estabilidade da ceratectomia fotorrefrativa (PRK) guiada pela frente de onda corneana para o tratamento da hipermetropia secundária à ceratotomia radial. MÉTODOS: Este estudo prospectivo analisou 60 olhos de 36 pacientes consecutivos, submetidos a PRK personalizado com o laser Esiris-Schwind. A técnica constou de desepitelização mecânica, fotoablação e utilização de mitomicina-C 0,02 por cento. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 meses. RESULTADOS: O intervalo médio entre a ceratotomia radial e o PRK foi de 18,4 anos ± 3,8 (DP); o equivalente esférico (EE) médio antes da ceratotomia radial era -4,35 dioptrias (D) ± 1,55. As medidas prévias ao PRK mostraram grau esférico médio de +5,00 D ± 2,28, astigmatismo médio de -1,47 D ± 1,06, EE médio de +4,27 D ± 2,18 e AV corrigida (AVcc) média de 0,174 ± 0,139 (logMAR). O EE médio programado no laser foi +4,74 D ± 2,11. Os resultados encontrados um ano após a cirurgia foram: EE médio de +0,04 D ± 1,03 (P<0,001), astigmatismo médio de -1,03 ± 0,75 D (P=0,015), AV média sem correção de 0,265 ± 0,197 e AVcc de 0,079 ± 0,105 (P<0,001). A AVcc mostrou ganho médio de uma linha; 20 olhos (33,3 por cento) melhoraram duas ou mais linhas e somente um olho perdeu duas linhas. Ocorreu redução estatisticamente significante do coma (P=0,002), trefoil (P=0,004), aberração esférica (P<0,001) e quatrefoil (P=0,002). Houve 48 olhos (80 por cento) entre ± 1,00 D do EE planejado. A regressão média entre seis e 12 meses foi de +0,17 ± 0,67 D. CONCLUSÃO: O PRK personalizado pela frente de onda corneana foi eficaz, previsível e estável pelo período de um ano para a redução da hipermetropia após a ceratotomia radial. No pós-operatório, observou-se melhora significativa da AVsc, AVcc e das aberrações corneanas. Número do ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT00917657

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy, predictability and stability of corneal wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for correcting hyperopia and astigmatism after radial keratotomy. METHODS: In a prospective study, 60 eyes of 36 consecutive patients were treated with corneal wavefront-guided PRK with 0.02 percent mitomycin-C using an Esiris-Schwind excimer laser. Corneal epithelium was mechanically removed. All patients were followed-up for 12 months. RESULTS: The mean time between radial keratotomy and PRK was 18.4 years ± 3.8 (SD); mean spherical equivalent (SE) before radial keratotomy was -4.35 diopters (D) ± 1.55. Before PRK, the mean sphere was +5.00 D ± 2.28, mean astigmatism was - 1.47 D ± 1.06, mean SE was +4.27 D ± 2.18, and the mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.174 ± 0.139 (logMAR). The planned laser SE correction was +4.74 D ± 2.11. No intraoperative complications were noted. At 12 months, mean SE was +0.04 D ± 1.03 (P<0.001), mean astigmatism was -1.03 ± 0.75 D (P=0.015), mean UCVA was 0.265 ± 0.197, and mean BCVA was 0.079 ± 0.105 (P<0.001). There was a mean gain of 1 line of BCVA and 20 eyes (33.3 percent) gained 2 or more lines. Only one eye lost 2 lines. A significant decrease in coma (P=0.002), trefoil (P=0.004), spherical aberration (P<0.001) and quatrefoil (P=0.002) was observed. Forty eight eyes (80 percent) were within ± 1.0 D of intended SE. Mean regression from 6 to 12 months was +0.17 ± 0.67 D. CONCLUSION: Corneal wavefront-guided PRK was effective, predictable and stable after one year of follow-up for the treatment of hyperopia after radial keratotomy. A significant improvement in UCVA, BCVA and corneal aberrations was obtained. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00917657

Effects of Multicurve RGP Contact Lens Use on Topographic Changes in Keratoconus

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of wearing rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses on the topographic changes in keratoconus. METHODS: Seventy-seven keratoconic eyes that wore multicurve RGP contact lenses and 30 keratoconic eyes that wore no contact lenses were retrospectively analyzed. The mean follow-ups were 22.6 and 20.5 months in the lens-wearing and control groups, respectively. Visual acuity, comfort, daily wearing time, and corneal staining were evaluated for both groups. The changes in topographic indices were compared between the lens-wearing and control groups. RESULTS: Multicurve RGP lens corrected logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity of the lens-wearing group significantly improved from -0.016+/-0.065 to -0.032+/-0.10 at follow-up (p=0.05). In the lens-wearing group with advanced keratoconus, the Sim Kmax, Sim Kmin, apical power, astigmatic index, and anterior elevation significantly decreased from 57.68+/-4.26 diopter (D), 50.50+/-2.32 D, 62.79+/-5.11 D, 7.20+/-0.55 D and 67.36+/-16.30 microm to 55.51+/-4.28 D, 49.62+/-3.26 D, 60.31+/-5.41 D, 5.90+/-0.51 D and 60.61+/-16.09 microm, respectively (paired t-test, p<0.05). The irregularity index of 3 mm did not significantly change. Meanwhile, in the control group, the apical power and irregularity index increased from 55.56+/-7.25 D and 3.06+/-1.68 D to 57.11+/-7.75 D and 3.25+/-1.71 D, respectively (paired t-test, p=0.008, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Properly fitted multicurve RGP contact lenses are not likely to contribute to the progression of keratoconus.

The Effect of Epiblepharon Surgery on Visual Acuity and With-the-Rule Astigmatism in Children

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of epiblepharon surgery on visual acuity and with-the-rule astigmatism in children compared to patients without surgical treatment. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective case control study and reviewed the charts of 202 eyes treated with epiblepharon surgery and of 142 eyes without surgery. The surgical procedure for epiblepharon correction used rotating suture techniques. Data regarding age, best corrected visual acuity, and degree of astigmatism were recorded. Baseline and 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month postoperative data were collected. The chi-square test, Student's t-test and general linear model analysis for repeated measures were applied. RESULTS: The mean astigmatism in the surgical group decreased from 1.10 +/- 1.02 diopter (D) preoperatively to 0.84 +/- 1.05 D at 3 months after surgery (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference compared to the non-surgical group during the first year. The general linear model analysis comparing the mean astigmatism between the two groups over time showed a significant group-time interaction (p < 0.05). Within the surgical group, the higher baseline astigmatic subgroup and the 5- to 8-year-old group demonstrated greater cylinder reduction over time. The change in mean visual acuity was not significant in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Significant astigmatic reduction was found after surgical correction in epiblepharon patients. Patients with higher baseline astigmatism exhibited greater astigmatic reduction after epiblepharon surgery. These results suggest that, in order to reduce astigmatism, an epiblepharon operation should be considered in patients with a high level of astigmatism.

Perioperative Modulating Factors on Astigmatism in Sutured Cataract Surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors that affect postoperative astigmatism and post-suture removal astigmatism, and to evaluate the risk factors associated with astigmatism axis shift. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 130 eyes that had undergone uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Preoperative astigmatism was divided into four groups (Groups I, II, III, and IV) according to the differences between the axis of preoperative astigmatism (flattest axis) and the incision axis (105 degrees). We analyzed the magnitude and axis of the induced astigmatism after the operation and after suture removal in each group. We also analyzed the factors which affected the postoperative astigmatism and post-suture removal astigmatism in each sub-group of Groups I, II, III, and IV, excluding postoperative or post-suture removal axis shift (specifically, Group I(WAS), II(WAS), III(WAS), and IV(WAS)). We identified the variables associated with the prevalence of postoperative astigmatism axis shift and those associated with the prevalence of post-suture removal axis shift. RESULTS: An increase in the magnitude of postoperative astigmatism was associated with an increase in the preoperative magnitude of astigmatism in Groups I(WAS), II(WAS), and III(WAS) (p<0.05), and with an increase in the corneal tunnel length in Group I(WAS). A decrease in the magnitude of postoperative astigmatism was associated with an increase in the corneal tunnel length in Groups III(WAS) and IV(WAS) (p<0.05). An increase in the magnitude of post-suture removal astigmatism was associated with an increase in the magnitude of postoperative astigmatism in Groups I(WAS) and IV(WAS) (p<0.05), and with late suture removal in Group IV(WAS) (p<0.05). A decrease in the magnitude of post-suture removal astigmatism was associated with late suture removal in Groups I(WAS) and II(WAS). A logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of post-suture removal astigmatism axis shift was associated with increased corneal tunnel length, decreased magnitude of postoperative astigmatism, and early suture removal. CONCLUSIONS: In order to reduce postoperative and post-suture removal astigmatism, we recommend a short corneal tunnel length and late suture removal in patients with Group I(WAS) characteristics, late suture removal in Group II(WAS)-like patients, long corneal tunnel length in Group III(WAS)-like patients, and long corneal tunnel length and early suture removal in patients with characteristics of Group IV(WAS).

Reabilitação visual com lentes de contato após trauma ocular: [revisão] / Visual rehabilitation with contact lenses after ocular trauma: [review]

Trauma ocular é causa importante de baixa de acuidade visual em todos os países do mundo. A integridade do bulbo ocular é primordial para recuperação visual nesses pacientes. Acidentes domésticos, automobilísticos, esportivos, além de queimaduras químicas e térmicas são as principais causas de trauma em nosso meio. O uso de lentes de contato é indicado para a reabilitação visual em casos de astigmatismos regulares ou irregulares de córnea, anisometropias, afacias, opacidades paracentrais superficiais ou profundas na córnea decorrentes do trauma ocular. As lentes de contato podem ser utilizadas no pós-trauma com finalidade terapêutica ou para correção visual. As lentes mais utilizadas para correção visual pós-trauma são as lentes de contato rígidas gás permeáveis, com alto coeficiente de permeabilidade. As lentes de contato gelatinosas podem ser usadas imediatamente após o trauma ocular com finalidade terapêutica e mais tardiamente para correção óptica em afacias e anisometropias traumáticas. A lente de contato é parte importante no tratamento tardio do trauma ocular, propiciando melhora significativa da acuidade visual na maioria dos casos.

Ocular trauma is an important cause of visual acuity loss worldwide. Visual recovery is related to anatomical integrity. The main causes of trauma are domestic and automobilist accidents, sports practice and chemical or thermic burns. Contact lens is indicated for visual rehabilitation in cases of corneal regular and irregular astigmatisms, anisometropic and aphakic patients and in cases of deep or superficial corneal opacities that do not affect the visual axis. Contact lens can be used in the post- trauma period for therapeutic and optical purposes. Rigid gas permeable contact lens, with a high permeability index, is the most used for optical purpose. Soft contact lens can be used immediately after trauma as therapy or later for optical correction in aphakic and anisometropic patients. In most cases contact lens is an important part of trauma treatment improving visual acuity in the majority of cases.